详见《中央研究院历史语言研究所集刊》第七十六本第二分

凡是含有声符的字统称为“有声字”。“有声字”可以把甲骨文中含有声符的字全部纳入其中。本文由两部分组成。在第一部分“有声字的构造类别”中，我们认为可分为三个层级十种构造类别：（一）独体形声字；（二）附划因声指事字；（三）两声字；（四）“从某，某声”形声字；（五）亦声字；（六）省形字；（七）省声字；（八）既省形又省声字；（九）多形字；（十）多声字。这十种类别并非处于同一个分类层级上。第一层级是“有声字”。第二层级是（一）至（四）四种类别，隶属于“有声字”。第三层级是（五）至（十）六种类别，隶属于形声字，为形声字的变体。跟小篆相比，可以知道，（一）至（三）为《说文》小篆所淘汰，而（四）至（十）被继承下来。由此说明，汉字的构造类别因时代的不同而不断更新。在第二部分“形声字产生的途径”中，我们认为有九种产生途径：（一）形、声相配；（二）形、声裂变；（三）变形声化；（四）加注形符；（五）加注声符；（六）形符代换；（七）声符代换；（八）形符的繁与简；（九）声符的繁与简。其中，加注形符和声符是形声字产生的主要途径。（六）至（九）是形声字产生的途径，也是形声字异体字产生的途径。

关键词：殷墟甲骨 有声字 形声字 构造类别 产生途径 

The Structure of “Phonetic Characters” in theOracle-Bone Inscriptions

Tianshu Huang

Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Capital Normal University

The term “phonetic characters” refers to all characters that have a phonetic symbol, and may include those characters with phonetic symbols in the oracle-bone inscriptions. This paper is composed of two sections. In the first section, “The Structural Classifications of Phonetic Characters,” we sort phonetic characters into ten structural classifications broken into three different classes. The ten structural classifications are as follows: (1) single-component pictophonetic characters, (2) self-explanatory characters enhanced by a single-component pictophonetic character with a special added symbol, (3) bi-phonetic characters, (4) pictophonetic characters in which one element denotes meaning and the other sound, (5) pictophonetic characters in which the phonetic symbol indicates both meaning and sound, (6) pictophonetic characters in which several strokes are omitted from the pictographic element, (7) pictophonetic characters in which several strokes are omitted from the phonetic element, (8) pictophonetic characters in which several strokes are omitted from both the pictographic and phonetic elements, (9) pictophonetic characters with multiple pictographic elements, and (10) pictophonetic characters with multiple phonetic elements. These ten structural classifications do not belong to a single class. “Phonetic characters” make up the first class, while the structural classifications (1) – (4) belong to the second class and are subsidiary to “phonetic characters.” The structural classifications (5) – (10) are placed in the third class and are subsidiary variants of pictophonetic characters. When compared with the Lesser Seal script, it is clear that structural classifications (1) – (3) were selectively excluded from the “Shuo Wen Jie Zi” 说文解字, the first Chinese dictionary compiled by Xu Shen 许慎 in 121 A.D., but structural classifications (4) – (10) remained included. From this it is evident that Chinese characters were constantly updated as times changed. In the second part, “The Methods by which Pictophonetic Characters are Produced,” we conclude that there are nine methods by which these characters are formed: (1) the pictographic element and the phonetic element match, (2) the pictographic and phonetic elements split into two, (3) part of the pictographic element in certain pictographic characters, associative compounds, and self-explanatory characters becomes a phonetic element, (4) a pictographic symbol is added to produce a pictophonetic character, (5) a phonetic symbol is added to produce a pictophonetic character, (6) the pictographic elements are substituted, (7) the phonetic elements are substituted, (8) the simplicity and complexity of the pictographic element, and finally (9) the simplicity and complexity of the phonetic element. Among these, the primary methods by which a pictophonetic character is produced are by the addition of a pictographic or phonetic symbol to an existing character. While pictophonetic characters may be produced via methods (6) through (9), these methods may also produce variant forms of pictophonetic characters.

Keywords: oracle-bone inscriptions, phonetic characters, pictophonetic characters, structural classifications, the methods of character formation